Towards the end of the 1960s—a period of intense creative, technological and political changes—the Argentinian art critic and entrepreneur Jorge Glusberg founded the CAyC in Buenos Aires. CAyC was an interdisciplinary experimental project that explored the relationship between art, technology and society. It sought to articulate a network of discussions and productions by a new style of Latin American artist, deeply influenced by science, technology and society. Glusberg defined such practice as Systems Art, which appeared in three ways, namely as (...) a system of collective representation; a system of meaning that defied formal categories; and a system of relationships and processes for social inquiry. In doing so, the artist became a researcher who reflected on their social context and the latter’s processes of production. This paper will discuss CAyC’s pioneering work and its global influence through three main initiatives: its exhibitions Art and Cybernetics, Systems Art in Latin America and the International Open Encounters on Video. These events were driven by the revolutionary artistic and experimental promotion of the distinctive ways in which Latin American artists were using technology to respond to local issues at a time when computer systems and cybernetic models for management and organizational practices were being introduced across the region. (shrink)

Cybernetics is a science characterized by the utopian search for new relationships between different areas of knowledge. After the Second World War, the best-known references in Western academia were Norbert Wiener’s approaches to this new discipline. However, there is another little-known hemisphere of this development that remains understudied and we claim is key for its history which refers to the pioneering work of scientists, engineers and cultural practitioners in Latin America, as well as the materialization of specific experiences that lead (...) us to reflect on the role that some regional milestones could have had in the global context. This volume of AI & Society covers points of view that were structured in the various most emblematic stages of these trajectories with the participation of agents that went beyond the assimilation and interpretation of external models, transforming themselves into fundamental and pioneering experiences, among others, the work of Mexican scientist Arturo Rosenblueth, or the impact of the concept of Autopoiesis. Through this article we introduce the outcome of the research—presented in great length in the contributions of this volume—on some of the main stages and trends that constituted the evolution of cybernetics in Latin America. The particular contributions of the authors in this issue have helped to reconstituting these contexts while developing a continuous horizon which also explores future practices. (shrink)

Described as ‘the most original and innovative Latin American Marxist’ by Michael Löwy – a sentiment repeated by many others – the work of José Carlos Mariátegui remains a largely untapped resource in the Western Marxist tradition outside of specialist circles. This review essay considers the recent publication of a translation and anthology of Mariátegui’s work into English by Harry Vanden and Mark Becker as a first step towards correcting this trend. It highlights Mariátegui’s understanding of race, power, and (...) identity; the combined and uneven development of capital; and the role of myth and voluntarism in revolutionary struggle as key points in which the early-twentieth-century Peruvian contributes to contemporary debates in Marxist praxis in Latin America and beyond. (shrink)

Le penseur marxiste péruvien José Carlos Mariátegui fait partie de ceux qui ont pris au sérieux le rôle révolutionnaire des paysans. Lors de la première conférence internationale des Partis communistes d’Amérique latine en juin 1929 à Buenos Aires, Mariátegui présente ses positions sur la centralité du système de propriété agraire dans l’exploitation semi-coloniale au Pérou et sur l’articulation entre classe et race. Il s’oppose à la fois à la solution soviétique d’une indépendance pour les nations opprimées et au pan-américanisme (...) de l’Alliance populaire révolutionnaire américaine (APRA). Cet article étudie les relations compliquées de Mariátegui avec l’Internationale communiste sur les questions paysannes et indigènes. La formation d’une organisation révolutionnaire paysanne suppose la naissance d’un sentiment national qu’il analyse dans ses écrits sur la littérature. (shrink)

José Carlos Mariátegui was one of the first Latin-American Marxists to put forward a critical appraisal of the continent’s Indian question. By this we refer to an analysis which not only recognizes the decisive role of the indigenous peasant masses as subjects of a revolutionary social transformation, but which also sees in the indigenous cultures and traditions one of the principal sources of an Indo-American socialism.

In the works of José Carlos Mariátegui, the analyses focus on the categories of praxis and class struggle. Mariátegui is then to be counted among the ranks of those Marxists who claim to belong to a historicist tradition. This article first provides an overview of the issues relating to this movement, and then examines Mariátegui’s reception of the term historicism. Lastly, it sets out to re-examine his revolutionary strategic proposition in the light of the use of the categories of (...) tradition, myth and history. (shrink)

In this article an approximate profile of Mariategui´s thoughts on the importance of religion in marxist philosophy is presented. His philosophy is quite distant from the orthodox Marxist doctrine on the religious question, where it is seen as the opium of the poor. Mariategui considers that social..

. Se problematiza la comprensión de la violencia en la obra del pensador peruano José Carlos Mariátegui (1894-1930). A partir de la premisa que tal comprensión articula concepciones y concreciones de la violencia, se reconocen, primero, dos concepciones distintas: como-medio y como-reacción. En cuanto a las concreciones se argumentará que esta se encuentra permeada por una nueva agencia política, por el concepto de mito de Georges Sorel, que tendrá sobre ella unos efectos más formales que prácticos, y por las (...) divergencias del panorama social peruano respecto al clima social internacional –donde las condiciones de una situación revolucionaria propuestas por Lenin resultarán claves para entender la postura de Mariátegui–. (shrink)

Se trata de la reseña al libro de Emigdio Aquino "José Carlos Mariátegui y el problema nacional" (México, 1997). En el libro se ponen en evidencia que la vida y obra de Mariátegui y la manera en que enfrentó los problemas de su tiempo ofrecen lecciones paradigmáticas a todo aquel que hoy siga aferrado a la utopía de un mundo más justo. Tal vez el tema que más preocupó a Mariátegui haya sido, precisamente, el del problema nacional de su (...) Perú natal. Comprende que el asunto más grave de su patria es el problema del indio. Asume como propia su voz, construye una concepción indigenista y nos habla de un socialismo indoamericano. (shrink)

En su momento, José Carlos Mariátegui concibió dos maneras de asumir como propia la herencia teórica de Marx: como calco y copia y como creación heroica. El marxismo posterior a Mariátegui en América Latina siguió debatiéndose entre esas dos alternativas.

Cet article présente chez José Carlos Mariátegui la construction d’une critique dialectique de la modernité depuis la périphérie de l’Occident, contribuant ainsi à une histoire intellectuelle marxiste décoloniale. Inséré dans l’horizon intellectuel et épistémique de son temps, Mariátegui a produit un récit critique du système capitaliste périphérique, mettant en débat à la fois sa face moderne et sa face coloniale, destructrice et violente. Nous soutenons que l’essayiste péruvien s’est éloigné à la fois de la vision centrée sur l’Ouest, caractérisée (...) par le marxisme orthodoxe, et des interprétations selon lesquelles les lieux périphériques seraient des espaces pratiquement extérieurs à la modernité occidentale. (shrink)

La figura de José Carlos Mariátegui es una referencia intelectual en el pensamiento revolucionario latinoamericano. Su producción intelectual está acompañada de un compromiso político con las ideas transformadoras aplicadas al conjunto de América Latina y, de manera especial, a Perú. Sus aportaciones teóricas y sus propuestas prácticas para organizar a la clase obrera del país andino son motivo de disputa ideológica en el seno del comunismo peruano durante las décadas centrales del siglo XX. En ese ambiente surge Sendero Luminoso, (...) una organización dispuesta a impulsar el proceso revolucionario por la vía armada. Este texto busca los anclajes de su ideario a partir de los planteamientos iniciales sugeridos por el autor de Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana. (shrink)

One of the best-known aspects of José Carlos Mariátegui’s philosophy is his concept of a revolutionary myth. What does this revolutionary myth entail, how and why did Mariátegui develop this idea? The following article situates Mariátegui’s thought in both the historical and intellectual context of the 1920’s in order to answer these questions. This is relevant because Mariátegui’s philosophy and his revolutionary myth have influenced several Latin American revolutionaries such as Ernesto Che Guevara and Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). Mariátegui’s (...) ideas have thus changed the lives and history of Latin Americans and it is important that we neither demonize nor idolize Mariátegui’s intellectual work without first attempting to understand it. (shrink)

La pregunta contemporánea por la articulación entre la exigencia de justicia social y la exigencia de justicia cultural no es una cuestión totalmente nueva: se manifiesta, desde el siglo XIX, por lo menos en el compromiso social y político de algunas figuras «marginales» que intentaron pensar la exigencia de justicia social en una perspectiva socialista. De manera más o menos intuitiva, más o menos reflexiva, estos precursores, que se puede encontrar tanto en la tradición del socialismo libertario como en la (...) del socialismo marxista, asocian ambas exigencias de justicia en la unidad de una práctica y/o de un pensamiento; no obstante, sin formular como tal la cuestión teórica de su articulación. En la tradición del socialismo marxista, el primero y tal vez el más importante representante de estos precursores es José Carlos Mariátegui (1895-1930), cuya obra teórica y práctica fue durante largo tiempo condenada a la marginalidad por los censores del marxismo dogmático. En la tradición del socialismo libertario, y más alejada en el tiempo, la figura de Louise Michel sostiene, de manera práctica, la idea de una ética social del reconocimiento capaz de integrar el reconocimiento de la diferencia cultural – despertando la incomprensión de la mayoría de sus compañeros militantes del movimiento obrero. (shrink)

The concept of “revolutionary myth” is the idea of Georges Sorel most influential in the thinking of José Carlos Mariátegui. However, this concept does not work the same way in both authors, mainly because it is applied in each case on markedly different national situations, such as France and Peru in the early twentieth century. For this reason it is important, regardless of the theoretical similarities, expressed as the difference between a general strike myth, linked to European industrial proletariat, (...) and another characterized around the social revolution, linked to the masses of the indigenous peasantry. In both cases we see that such concepts are functional to an extension of the limits of Marxism beyond Stalinism and the III International. (shrink)

El miedo ala enfermedad y a la muerte son ancestrales. Por mucho desarrollo científico que se produce en algunas latitudes de la tierra, traducido en grandes avances sanitarios que permiten prolongar la vida de unos pocos, no nos protegen ni del miedo di de la muerte.

The number and scale of business associations focused on corporate responsibility and sustainability has grown dramatically in recent decades and they are becoming influential actors in both national and international governance. Yet surprisingly little research exists on such organizations and recognition of the organizational lineage they share with special interest groups is yet to be examined—are industry business associations merely lobbies for their members’ own interests or are they viable self-regulatory institutions capable of addressing contemporary social and sustainability issues? This (...) paper identifies and reviews fragmented insights from literatures that address this question. Drawing on various streams of research within the political science, economics and management disciplines that provide diverse lenses on the phenomenon of business associations, it juxtaposes and groups them into two broad perspectives: business associations as special interest groups that are detrimental to society ; business associations as self-regulatory institutions capable of addressing contemporary challenges. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar os elementos componentes das performances sociais realizadas por adolescentes brasileiras obesas no Instagram, tomando como base reflexiva as regiões representacionais de frente/fundo, propostas por Erving Goffman. Os dados foram obtidos através da realização de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, analisados qualitativamente e agrupados em categorias que evidenciam os elementos performáticos que compõem estas regiões e as interações ator-plateia. Concluímos que o Instagram se configura em um espaço onde as adolescentes acessam e produzem conteúdos que lhes oferecem (...) segurança e motivação para realizarem apresentações de si mais positivas, o que promove, de certa maneira, uma atenuação dos efeitos inibidores derivados do estigma da obesidade em seus comportamentos sociais perante os públicos/plateias que compõem suas práticas sociais. (shrink)

Making history - in the sense of writing it - is often set against talking about it, with most historians considering writing history to be better than talking about it. My aim in this article is to analyze the topic of making history versus talking about history in order to understand most historians' evident decision to ignore talking about history. Ultimately my goal is to determine whether it is possible to talk about history with any sense.To this end, I will (...) establish a typology of the different forms of talking practiced by historians, using a chronological approach, from the Greek and Roman emphasis on the visual witness to present-day narrativism and textual analysis. Having recognized the peculiar textual character of the historiographical work, I will then discuss whether one can speak of a method for analyzing historiographical works. After considering two possible approaches - the philosophy of science and literary criticism - I offer my own proposal. This involves breaking the dichotomy between making and talking about history, adopting a fuzzy method that overcomes the isolation of self-named scientific communities, and that destroys the barriers among disciplines that work with the same texts but often from mutually excluding perspectives. Talking about history is only possible if one knows about history and about its sources and methods, but also about the foundations of the other social sciences and about the continuing importance of traditional philosophical problems of Western thought in the fields of history and the human sciences. (shrink)

This paper addresses recent calls to study the role of the state in private regulation. Integrating current scholarship on the state as a catalyst of private regulatory regimes with prior literature on regulatory failure and self-regulation, it identifies and problematizes unsettled assumptions used as a starting point by this growing body of research. The case study traces the evolution of public debates and the interaction of different regulatory initiatives dealing with corporate social responsibility issues in Canada’s mining industry. Findings reveal (...) the conditions under which the state is more likely to encourage firm-level, fragmented initiatives than facilitate and promote industry-wide regulatory strengthening and consolidation. I discuss the need for greater analytical precision regarding the variation in regulatory policy preferences across time and branches of government and the interaction between public and private regulatory initiatives. The conclusion outlines suggested areas for future research as well as the likely outcome of Canada’s current CSR policy framework. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza la relación entre el proceso de laicización o secularización de lo religioso y el crecimiento de los rituales de religiosidad popular en el contexto de las sociedades modernas contemporáneas a partir de un análisis etnográfico del ritual de la Semana Santa de la ciudad de Huelva. Haciendo uso de una metodología etnográfica de corte cualitativo, imbricada con técnicas de investigación cuantitativas de carácter sociológico, ponemos sobre análisis las significaciones religiosas e ideológico políticas de actores que (...) participan y producen este ritual religioso popular, en atención a la diversidad y el pluralismo de ideas que se ponen en juego en torno a la Semana Santa y a la relativización de valores, creencias y prácticas que la hace posible. Asimismo, se analizan las características antropocéntricas y antropomórficas que permean el ritual y la relación colectiva con los iconos religiosos. (shrink)

La espiritualidad es una dimensión del ser humano que requiere ser profundizada, en particular para humanizar la asistencia a las personas que sufren a causa de la enfermedad o la pérdida de un ser querido. El abordaje de este tema es imprescindible para un enfoque centrado en la persona y requiere profesionales no solo sensibles, sino familiarizados y formados con la dimensión espiritual. La detección de necesidades, el conocimiento de síntomas, podrán dar una mayor competencia espiritual para un cuidado espiritual (...) adecuado. La inteligencia espiritual permitirá a los profesionales acompañar de manera humanizada a los pacientes y familiares. Iniciativas de formación al respecto son imprescindibles. Las situaciones de mayor complejidad y sufrimiento espiritual requieren ser abordadas por profesionales específicos en servicios de atención espiritual que debe haber en las estructuras sanitarias y sociosanitarias, más allá de la garantía de la asistencia religiosa plural. (shrink)

The existence of a Richter–Peleg multi-utility representation of a preorder by means of upper semicontinuous or continuous functions is discussed in connection with the existence of a Richter–Peleg utility representation. We give several applications that include the analysis of countable Richter–Peleg multi-utility representations.

En este artículo se dan condiciones necesarias y suficientes para una forma generalizada del metateorema de deducción y se lo aplica a varios sistemas lógicos usándolo como un criterio para determinar la existencia de una implicación interna a tales sistemas.

In this paper we study collective identity functions that deal with formation of clubs. Usually the choice offered to individuals is to cast a vote in favor of qualification or not, and the final outcome is qualification or non-qualification. In this context we show that independent collective identity functions are naturally characterized by voting rules, and in particular, consent rules can be represented by one single collection of weighted majorities. In addition, we consider the extended model where voters are allowed (...) to abstain and we distinguish between disqualification and a neutral outcome. We show that this environment allows agents to act in different capacities that cannot be distinguished in the original formulation of the problem. (shrink)

Pensando a figura “folclórica” do Saci, a proposta deste texto visou dar forma a tantas ideias soltas, hipóteses formuladas ao longo de anos de suposições sobre a dinâmica de nossa identidade, brasileira, filtrada pelo saber popular, expressa pela indústria cultural. Também buscou-se explicar as transformações do personagem, visto como produto manipulado assumido pelo exercício de transposição de tradições transmitidas oralmente, mas que foram apropriadas como oficiais por meio de longo processo de filtragem de narrativas escritas e ilustradas, e assim, transformadas (...) em mercadorias hoje incorporadas no contexto nacional. Pesou ainda a consideração do sutil constructo da memória coletiva como atributo integrante da requalificação do novo perfil brasileiro, na era da globalização, colocando temas amplos acima de questões de: gênero, classe, credo e principalmente de condição social. (shrink)

El presente estudio, centrado en el análisis del círculo he r menéutico de los t e xtos s e gún la f ilosofía de P aul Ricoeu r , tiene como f inalidad última la e xplicitación de la dob l e ta r e a que se le supone a toda filosofía hermenéutica que trate de superar de f init iv amente las presuposiciones psicológicas y e xistenciales en las que cae la vieja hermenéutica tradi- cional: por un lado, (...) se trata de buscar en el texto mismo , y no fuera de él, la " dinámica interna " de sentido que preside la est r uctura de toda obra de lenguaje; por el otro, el poder que tiene ésta de "p ro yectarse fue r a de sí misma y de engend r ar un mundo que será ve r dade r amente la "cosa" del text o ", y que lo distinguirá claramente de las relaciones orales. Esta do b le tarea hermenéutica, especi f icada en nuestro caso en el ámbito jurídic o , nos permitirá defender aquí una concepción textual del de r e c h o. (shrink)

En esta nota discutimos una forma generaldel Teorema de Deducción (TD) para sistemas modales de primer orden, la cual permite derivar varias otras formulaciones del mismoque aparecen en la literatura, así como su relación con la Fórmula de Barcan.

This article develops the relationship between desire and cultural reproduction, from a conceptual point of view. Desire is emphasized as a process that articulates the subject with culture. Each culture presents ritual and ritualized practices that regulate the desires of individuals to constitute them as reproductive subject of a given culture. The methodological approach focuses on the fact that anthropology as a science requires observing social phenomena from a theoretical framework that includes desire as a social category. This work presents (...) a conceptual proposal made in this regard, exemplified with a specific ethnographic case of Hñähñu migrants to Mexico City. (shrink)